UML – a tutorial

UML – a tutorial.....................................................................................................1

1 The history of object-oriented analysis and design methods .............................2

2 Software engineering ......................................................................................7

2.1 Responsibility-driven versus data-driven approaches ..............................12

2.2 Translational versus elaborational approaches ........................................13

3 Object-oriented analysis and design using UML............................................13

3.1 Types and classes ....................................................................................13

3.1 Object structures.....................................................................................18

3.2 Using use cases to discover types ............................................................28

3.3 Invariants and rulesets............................................................................35

3.4 Invariants and encapsulation ..................................................................43

3.5 State models ...........................................................................................45

3.6 Moving to component design..................................................................48

3.8 The design process .................................................................................55

3.9 Documenting models..............................................................................57

3.10 Real-time extensions.............................................................................58

4 Identifying objects.........................................................................................60

4.2 Task analysis...........................................................................................65

4.3 Kelly grids...............................................................................................68

5 CASE tools ...................................................................................................71

6 Patterns, architecture and decoupled design ..................................................73

6.1 Design patterns for decoupling ................................................................87

7 Designing components ..................................................................................97

7.1 Components for flexibility ....................................................................100

7.2 Large-scale connectors .........................................................................101

7.3 Mapping the business model to the implementation..............................103

8 Notation summary.......................................................................................105

8.1 Object modelling symbols.....................................................................105

8.2 Action (use case) modelling symbols ........................................................110

8.3 Sequence and collaboration diagram symbols ..........................................110

8.4 State modelling symbols...........................................................................112

8.5 Action or activity diagram symbols ..........................................................114

8.6 Implementation and component modelling symbols .................................115

8.7 Collaborations and patterns......................................................................116

8.8 Real-time notation: ports and connectors..................................................116

9 Further reading ...........................................................................................117

10 Exercises...................................................................................................118